Published research literature

Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu's modulation of over 4,000 human genes in databases, with focus on repair, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant pathways in tissue models.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071987

Reviews GHK-Cu's effects on fibroblast activity, collagen synthesis stimulation, and antioxidant enzyme regulation in in vitro and in vivo skin models.

DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108

Examines GHK-Cu's activity as a modulator of oxidative stress pathways in cellular aging models, including superoxide dismutase and catalase regulation.

DOI: 10.1155/2012/324832

Comprehensive review of Thymosin β4 biology across multiple preclinical models including cardiac, corneal, skin, and neurological tissue repair contexts.

DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.634793

Rodent model study demonstrating Thymosin β4 activation of dormant epicardial progenitor cells and subsequent neovascularization in cardiac tissue.

DOI: 10.1038/nature05383

Examines molecular mechanisms by which Thymosin β4 promotes cardiomyocyte survival and migration via ILK activation in ischemic rodent heart models.

DOI: 10.1038/nature03124

Foundational study identifying MOTS-C as a mitochondrial peptide that targets skeletal muscle, activates AMPK signaling, and reduces diet-induced insulin resistance in rodent models.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.01.023

Demonstrates that MOTS-C circulates as an exercise-responsive peptide in both rodent and human plasma, with investigation of downstream muscle homeostasis pathways.

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26714-w

Review of MOTS-C alongside humanin as mitochondrial-encoded peptides with roles in metabolic signaling, aging biology, and immune regulation across model systems.

DOI: 10.1113/JP282622

Examined Epithalon's capacity to induce telomerase activity and elongate telomeres in human somatic cell cultures, with discussion of implications for cellular senescence research.

DOI: 10.1023/A:1022538432868

Non-human primate study examining Epithalon's effects on melatonin secretion and disrupted neuroendocrine rhythms in aged animals.

Rodent behavioral model study comparing Selank and tuftsin effects on anxiety- and depression-related endpoints using standard preclinical paradigms.

Examines Selank-induced changes in c-Fos expression and behavioral outcomes in elevated plus-maze and open-field rodent anxiety models.

Rodent study demonstrating that Semax upregulates BDNF and its receptor trkB in hippocampal tissue, with discussion of implications for neuroprotective research models.

DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.108

Examines Semax-mediated changes in oxidative stress markers in rat brain tissue following induced ischemia-reperfusion injury.

In vitro and rodent model study identifying KPV's mechanism of action in intestinal epithelial cells, including nuclear localization and NF-κB pathway modulation.

DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.036

Comprehensive review of α-MSH derived peptides including KPV, covering anti-inflammatory mechanisms and protective activity across multiple tissue and disease models.

DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0027

Phase 3 randomized controlled trial documenting tesamorelin's effects on visceral adiposity and IGF-1 levels in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy, establishing the primary clinical evidence for GHRH analogue activity in adipose tissue.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa072437

Describes the medicinal chemistry rationale for tesamorelin's N-terminal modification, demonstrating resistance to DPP-IV cleavage while maintaining GHRH receptor affinity and GH-releasing activity.

DOI: 10.1021/jm0501393

Characterized ipamorelin as the first GH secretagogue demonstrating selective GH release without co-stimulation of ACTH, cortisol, or prolactin in rat and swine models, establishing its selectivity profile as a key research advantage.

DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1390552

Review of GH secretagogue pharmacology covering GHS-R1a biology, pituitary somatotroph activation, and the physiological distinction between ghrelin-pathway GH secretagogues and GHRH-pathway stimulation.

DOI: 10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00048-4

Phase 1 clinical study documenting sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation following single-dose CJC-1295 administration, with pharmacokinetic data supporting the DAC technology's effectiveness in extending plasma residence time to 6–8 days.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2197

Examined combined GH-releasing effects of GHRH analogues and GH secretagogues in rodent and primate models, documenting synergistic GH output greater than either compound alone.

DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.284

Early clinical study demonstrating PT-141's induction of erectile response via central melanocortin receptor activation, distinguishing its mechanism from peripheral PDE5-based pathways.

Review of preclinical and clinical research on MC3R and MC4R involvement in sexual arousal and motivation, covering melanocortin agonist pharmacology and brain region-specific activity.

The SUSTAIN-6 cardiovascular outcomes trial documenting semaglutide's effects on major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients, demonstrating superiority to placebo over 2-year follow-up.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141

Describes the medicinal chemistry process that produced semaglutide, including the structural modifications responsible for extended half-life via albumin binding and DPP-IV resistance.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00726

First published characterization of tirzepatide (LY3298176), describing dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonism, structural design rationale, and preclinical metabolic efficacy across rodent and non-human primate models.

DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.010

Phase 3 SURMOUNT-1 trial examining tirzepatide over 72 weeks in adults with obesity, documenting dose-dependent weight reduction and characterization of metabolic endpoints.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

Phase 2 randomized controlled trial examining retatrutide at multiple doses in adults with obesity over 24 weeks. Investigational compound — not approved for therapeutic use.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972

Phase 2 trial examining retatrutide in participants with type 2 diabetes, investigating glycaemic and weight-related endpoints. Investigational compound — not approved for therapeutic use.

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X